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The origins of global surveillance can be traced back to the late 1940s, when the UKUSA Agreement was jointly enacted by the United Kingdom and the United States, whose close cooperation eventually culminated in the creation of the global surveillance network, code-named "ECHELON", in 1971. In the aftermath of the 1970s Watergate affair and a subsequent congressional inquiry led by Sen. Frank Church,〔(Pre-Emption - The Nsa And The Telecoms | Spying On The Home Front | FRONTLINE | PBS )〕 it was revealed that the NSA, in collaboration with Britain's GCHQ, had routinely intercepted the international communications of prominent anti-Vietnam War leaders such as Jane Fonda and Dr. Benjamin Spock. Decades later, a multi-year investigation by the European Parliament highlighted the NSA's role in economic espionage in a report entitled 'Development of Surveillance Technology and Risk of Abuse of Economic Information', in 1999. However, for the general public, it was a series of detailed disclosures of internal NSA documents in June 2013 that first revealed the massive extent of the NSA's spying, both foreign and domestic. Most of these were leaked by an ex-contractor, Edward Snowden. Even so, a number of these older global surveillance programs such as PRISM, XKeyscore, and Tempora were referenced in the 2013 release of thousands of documents.〔(Snowden has ‘thousands’ of damaging NSA documents, says Greenwald )〕 As confirmed by the NSA's director Keith B. Alexander on September 26, 2013, the NSA collects and stores all phone records of all American citizens. Much of the data is kept in large storage facilities such as the Utah Data Center, a US$1.5 billion megaproject referred to by ''The Wall Street Journal'' as a "symbol of the spy agency's surveillance prowess." == Clandestine surveillance in the United States == (詳細はBlack Chamber (Cipher Bureau, MI-8), operating with the approval of the U.S. State Department from 1919 to 1929. In 1945 the now-defunct Project SHAMROCK was created to gather all telegraphic data entering into or exiting from the United States.〔 Major communication companies such as Western Union, RCA Global and ITT World Communications actively aided the U.S. government in the latter's attempt to gain access to international message traffic. In 1952, the NSA was officially established.〔 According to ''The New York Times'', the NSA was created in "absolute secrecy" by President Truman. Six weeks after President Truman took office, he ordered wiretaps on the telephones of Thomas Gardiner Corcoran, a close advisor of Franklin D. Roosevelt. The recorded conversations are currently kept at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum, along with other sensitive documents ((~233,600 pages )) Under J. Edgar Hoover, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) carried out wide-ranging surveillance of communications and political expression, targeting many well-known speakers such as Albert Einstein, Frank Sinatra, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/teachinger/q-and-a/q31.cfm )〕 Marilyn Monroe, John Lennon, Martin Luther King, Jr.,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://library.truman.edu/microforms/martin_luther_king.asp )〕 A FBI memo recognized King to be the "most dangerous and effective Negro leader in the country.", Daniel Ellsberg,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14468307 )〕 Some of these activities were eventually uncovered in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal, leading to the Resignation of Richard Nixon.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/watergate-constitution/ )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Origins of global surveillance」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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